Structure: The hypothalamus is a midline, structure, shaped like a funnel below the thalamus. It connects to the adenohypophysis, or pituitary gland, but neurons extend only to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. A cluster, or plexus of veins, called portal veins, surrounds the hypothalamus, draining the hormones for the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. The posterior lobe has the usual artery-capillary-vein network.

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Function: The hypothalamus has many regulating functions. The autonomic nervous system, emotions and behavior, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-waking cycles, and the synthesis of releasing hormones for the (hypophysis) are under it's control. The five releasing hormones are for the following trophic hormones: growth, prolactin, thyroid, corticotropin, and gonadotropins. Two inhibiting hormones are produced: growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH), and prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH).

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